>>2566292After the cultural revolution, the geopolitical landscape had changed, and the Sino-Soviet split gave the US an incentive to start getting along with China in an effort to debilitate the USSR. Deng Xiaoping saw the opportunity and took it. At the time, there was still a major contradiction for Chinese socialism in the 1970s: China was still a largely agrarian state and the technological gap between China and the capitalist West was only accelerating.
To address this issue, Deng coined the concept of “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics," which meant dialectically reconciling the contradictions of
1. Marxist idea of socialism and communism
2. China’s concrete historical and material conditions (backward productive forces, semi-feudal legacy, legacy of revolution, national context).
Thesis: Universal socialism (as per Marx)
Antithesis: Chinese material conditions (agrarian, poor, underdeveloped)
Contradiction: How to realize socialism in an unripe historical context
Synthesis: “Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” aka a historically grounded path to reconcile the universal and particular
Aufhebung: As the contradiction is resolved through development, the two categories, "socialism" and "Chinese characteristics" begin to merge and dissolve into one historical form
So when Deng says "Chinese characteristics", he's not talking about a static Confucianism or an Orientalist image of some eternal cultural "Chinese-ness." Chinese characteristics are the stage of development and concrete historical condition that China finds itself in. Deng's goal is for China to bridge the gap between the mental and material until the two dissolve. When Deng said “seek truth from facts,” he wasn’t advocating pragmatism in the abstract, he was invoking a dialectical materialist method. He recognized that ideas (truth, socialism) must grow out of and adapt to material conditions. To attempt to impose a universal blueprint on an underdeveloped base would not produce socialism, but crisis and failure.
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