No.1223
Reposting from another thread:
>Realizing the low efficiency of the first generation SSGN, mainly due to the surface launch of anti-ship missiles, the leadership of the Navy began to rush OKB-52 VN Chelomey with the fastest development of anti-ship missiles with an underwater launch. Although these works were carried out from the end of the 50s, they were far from being completed. The main problem was in choosing an engine for anti-ship missiles. Of all the possible ones, only a liquid or solid propellant jet engine was real. Only they could work underwater. It was not yet possible to force a turbojet engine to start immediately after leaving the water and reach the nominal mode. In the final version, a solid-propellant engine was chosen for anti-ship missiles.Work on the creation of a new anti-ship missile "Amethyst" began in the early 60s and ended with its adoption into service only in 1968. The firing range and mass of the warhead decreased sharply compared to the P-6. However, thanks to the underwater launch, the secrecy and, most importantly, the surprise of the use of anti-ship missiles with submarines have increased many times over. To accommodate them, the next generation SSGNs were built. On August 28, 1958, a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR "On the creation of a new high-speed submarine, new types of power plants and the development of research, development and design work for submarines" was issued. In accordance with this resolution, TsKB-16 ( now SPMBM "Malachite"), work began on the design of a high-speed second-generation SSGN with a titanium hull, a second-generation nuclear power plant and cruise missiles launched from under the water project 661 , code "Anchar" (according to NATO classification "Papa"). The new SSGN was intended to strike the Amethyst anti-ship missiles and torpedoes against enemy BNK groupings (aircraft carrier strike formations). Chief designer NN Isanin, chief observer of the Navy, captain 2nd rank Yu.G. Ilyinsky, then captain 2nd rank VN Markov. In the works on the project 661 took an active part in the Central Research Institute no. 45 (now - the Central Research Institute named after Academician AN Krylov). The Institute investigates both the actual "ship" issues related to the creation of a new nuclear-powered ship, and the issues of the combat effectiveness of a high-speed submarine. In total, more than 400 organizations and enterprises were involved in the work under the program. The ship was intended to strike with cruise missiles and torpedoes against large enemy surface ships.The SSGN was also planned to be used for testing new structural materials (in particular, a titanium alloy for the submarine hull) and testing new types of weapons and technical equipment. At the beginning of 1960, a pre-draft design and the main tactical and technical elements of the SSGN were presented and approved by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, in May of the same year - a draft design. At the same time, the prohibition was confirmed to use previously mastered technology, equipment, automation systems, instruments and materials on the planned submarine.This, although it stimulated the search for new technical solutions, but at the same time lengthened the design and construction time for the SSGN, which to some extent predetermined its fate and was another manifestation of the voluntarism of the top leadership. Three alternative basic structural materials for the manufacture of a durable case were considered - steel, aluminum or titanium. In the end, it was decided to choose titanium. In 1961, after the approval of the technical Project, the production of working drawings began, and already in the next year - 1962 - the manufacture of the first hull structures made of titanium, which was first used in the world's submarine shipbuilding, began at the NSR. Structurally, the SSGN of project 661 is a two-hull. The light hull had a circular cross-sectional shape with an aft end of the "forked stern" type with propellers spaced 5 meters apart (later, a similar arrangement of propellers will be borrowed on boats of project 949 and 949A ). Hydrodynamic optimization of the shape of the aft end was achieved by elongating it with small angles of descent of the waterline in the diametral plane and the use of elongated propeller shafts with fairings that allow the installation of propellers of the optimal diameter for a given speed. In the Navy, such a scheme was called "pants".The nose of the pressure hull assembled of two cylinders with a diameter of 5500 mm each, located one above the other, forming a "figure eight" in cross section. The rest of the pressure body had a cylindrical shape with a maximum diameter of 9000 mm. The bow of the G8 was divided into two compartments by a solid platform, with the upper cylinder being the first compartment and the lower cylinder the second. eights - the third compartment - is separated from the first two by a transverse bulkhead and stuck to the fourth, which already has a cylindrical shape. The rest of the cylindrical hull was divided by strong transverse bulkheads into 6 compartments. In the 1st compartment, TA, spare torpedoes, a quick loader and an anti-ship missile control post were placed.In the 2nd - the first group of AB, hydroacoustic equipment and a hold post. 3rd compartment - living quarters for personnel and the second group of AB, 4th - central post, control post of the power plant, felling for various purposes and living quarters, 5th - reactor. 6th - turbine. In the 7th compartment there were turbogenerators and main switchboards, in the 8th compartment - auxiliary mechanisms and equipment, reversible converters with shields, refrigeration machines and compressors. The 9th compartment housed steering gear and a hold post.10 containers with anti-ship missiles - side by side with a constant elevation angle in between the side space in the area of the first three compartments, using the difference in the diameters of the "eight" and the rest of the cylindrical strong body. Bow horizontal rudders were located in the bow of the hull, below the waterline, and retracted into a light hull. After considering two types of reactors - a simpler and mastered pressurized water and advanced liquid metal (the primary coolant is an alloy of lead and bismuth) - the first one was chosen as more realistic in terms of creation time, although it has worse specific parameters . The main power plant is composed of two autonomous groups - the right and left sides, each with its own reactor and the main turbo-gear unit. Each group included a V-5R nuclear steam generating unit, a GTZA-618 turbo-gear unit and an autonomous three-phase alternating current turbogenerator OK-3 with a power of 2 x 3000 kW. The nominal thermal power of two water-cooled nuclear reactors was 2x177.4 MW, and the steam output of the PPU at normal reactor power was 2x250 tons of steam per hour.Reactors designed for the boat project 661 , had a number of original features. In particular, the pumping of the primary coolant was carried out according to the “pipe in pipe” scheme, which ensured the compactness of the nuclear power plant at high thermal stress. At the same time, the reactors operated not only on thermal neutrons, but also with the participation of the fission reaction of the nuclear “fuel” of fast neutrons. The main consumers of electricity were made on alternating current with a voltage of 380V (50Hz). A significant innovation was the refusal to use diesel generators: a powerful battery was used as an emergency source. The armament of the boat included 10 Amethyst anti-ship missiles in 10 containers placed outside the pressure hull, five on each side and four 533-mm torpedo tubes. Target designation for anti-ship missiles and torpedo firing was provided by the latest Rubin SJSC. The maximum range of anti-ship missiles was 70 km. The rocket was launched from a submerged position from a depth of 30 m from a container previously flooded with intake water. Immediately after leaving the container, the starting engine fired, and the wing opened, and in the surface position, the main solid propellant engine was turned on. The missile complex also included pre-launch control equipment, on-board missile firing control system devices associated with a sonar complex, a torpedo firing control complex, a navigation complex, as well as a course control stabilizer and a depth gauge. The launcher provided storage, transportation, remote pre-launch preparation and launch of cruise missiles without access to the container. KR were taken on board the ship in the final state equipped for launch. They were securely stored and launched during a three-month stay at sea. The entire missile ammunition load could be fired in two salvos, the interval between which was three minutes (according to experts, this was a major tactical drawback of the project, which made it difficult to effectively use SSGNs against the main targets - aircraft carriers). Torpedo tubes were located in the bow of the submarine. Ammunition consisted of 12 torpedoes. TA provided shooting from a depth of up to 200 m. Torpedo firing was controlled by the Ladoga-P-661 automated system. The REV included the Sigma-661 all-latitude navigation system, which provided underwater and under-ice navigation. The automatic control of the ship was carried out by means of the Shpat heading and depth control system, the Tourmaline emergency trim and dip prevention system, as well as the Signal-661 control system for general ship systems, devices and outboard openings. SJSC MGK-300 "Rubin" ensured the detection of noisy targets while automatically tracking two of them with the issuance of data to the missile and torpedo weapon control systems. All-round detection of enemy GAS signals operating in active mode was provided, as well as their identification with the determination of bearing and distance. To detect anchor mines, the ship had the Radian-1 sonar. To monitor the air and surface situation, the submarine was equipped with a high-aperture anti-aircraft periscope PZNS-9 with an optical coordinate computer. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and a wave of up to 5 points. There were RLK-101 and MTP-10 radars, as well as the Nichrom nationality identification system. For two-way ultra-fast secret radio communication with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with the submarine, there was modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communication equipment. The ship was equipped with electronic reconnaissance equipment, which made it possible to search, detect and find working enemy radio stations. To monitor the air and surface situation, the submarine was equipped with a high-aperture anti-aircraft periscope PZNS-9 with an optical coordinate computer. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and a wave of up to 5 points. There were RLK-101 and MTP-10 radars, as well as the Nichrom nationality identification system. For two-way ultra-fast secret radio communication with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with the submarine, there was modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communication equipment. The ship was equipped with electronic reconnaissance equipment, which made it possible to search, detect and find working enemy radio stations. To monitor the air and surface situation, the submarine was equipped with a high-aperture anti-aircraft periscope PZNS-9 with an optical coordinate computer. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and a wave of up to 5 points. There were RLK-101 and MTP-10 radars, as well as the Nichrom nationality identification system. For two-way ultra-fast secret radio communication with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with the submarine, there was modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communication equipment. The ship was equipped with electronic reconnaissance equipment, which made it possible to search, detect and find working enemy radio stations. For testing and testing in boat conditions, weapons and equipment for the SSGN of project 661 were re-equipped according to projects developed by TsKB-16, several submarines, incl. Submarine of project 613A (then it was re-equipped according to project 613AD .) for testing anti-ship missiles "Amethyst", submarine of project 611RU for testing SJSC "Rubin", submarine of project 611RA for testing GAS mine detection "Radian". Prototypes of automated traffic control systems for SSBNs "Shpat" and "Tourmaline", as well as NK "Sigma" were tested on the nuclear submarine of project 627A. In the course of design and hydrodynamic studies and model tests, the contours of the outer hull of a high-speed twin-shaft submarine were optimized (ozhevalny shape of the bow, forked stern, circular in cross-section contours in the middle part of the ship). To give the submarine hull circular contours when large-sized missile containers were placed onboard, the latter had to be moved to the submarine DP, and therefore, in the bow of the ship, the PC was designed with cross sections in the form of a vertical "eight". This led to the complication of the PC design during the transition from the “eight” to the cylindrical PC in the middle part of the submarine, but made it possible to compactly place inclined missile containers on the ship. For the armament of the SSGN project 661 , for the first time in the world, a low-flying anti-ship missile with an underwater launch was created. Since the P-6 anti-ship missile turbojet engine could not be launched and operated under water at a missile with an underwater launch, it was necessary to ensure the launch and activation of the mid-flight turbojet engine after the anti-ship missile surfaced when firing from a submerged submarine. However, in the 60s this problem was not solved and the developer of the Amethyst anti-ship missiles OKB-52 adopted solid propellant rocket engines as the main and starting engines of the new anti-ship missiles. This made it possible for the Amethyst rocket to launch from a container filled with water with a “deaf” rear bottom (without a rear cover) like an underwater launch. BR from a missile silo. But; due to the lower efficiency of the solid propellant rocket engine compared to the turbojet engine, the flight range of the Amethyst CR turned out to be significantly less than the P-6 type CR. The flight speed of the new rocket was also subsonic. The missiles were in containers with folded wing panels. The containers were installed permanently at an RCC launch angle of 32.5° to the main plane of the submarine. The rocket developer did not solve the problem of the vertical launch of anti-ship missiles. It was believed that with a vertical launch, the rocket, after leaving the water, would rise to a considerable height (make a "slide") above the sea surface before being transferred to a horizontal flight at low altitude. The inclined (at a slight angle to the horizon) location of the containers precluded their placement in the PC and complicated the design of the outer case. The launch of the Amethyst anti-ship missile was carried out from the container after filling the annular gap with water at a depth of 30 m. The starting engine of the underwater course was launched in the container, with the help of which the rocket went to the surface and its wing consoles were opened. Then the starting engine of the air trajectory fired, accelerating the rocket, after which the sustainer engine was turned on and it rushed to the target. The target designation of the Amethyst anti-ship missiles, due to the short firing range, was provided by the boat HOOK, and the autonomous onboard control system in combination with the active RLGSN was aimed at the target. Therefore, immediately after the launch of the missiles, the SSGN could leave this area. In 1962, the production of the first frames and shells of the strong hull of the boat began at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. The construction of the submarine lasted almost 10 years. This is due to delays in the supply of titanium, various components of equipment, a long cycle of creating a missile system, which was put into service only in 1968. As it turned out, a titanium hull requires different strength calculation methods than a steel hull - failure to take this into account led to the failure of hydraulic tests of some ship blocks. The delay in construction was also affected by the low rate of supply of titanium, which was in short supply at that time, which was also in dire need of the aircraft industry and rocket science. The boat, moreover, was very expensive, for which she received the nickname "Goldfish" in the Navy. However, at state tests in 1969, the submarine at 80% of the power of the power plant showed an underwater speed of 42 knots instead of 38, provided for by the specification requirements, and after the transfer of the submarine to the fleet during tests on a measured mile in 1971, the submarine reached the total power of the reactors is 44.7 knots, which to this day has not been surpassed by any submarine in the world! At such speeds, phenomena were discovered that have not yet been observed on a submarine - at a speed of more than 35 knots, external hydrodynamic noise appeared, created by a turbulent flow when flowing around the submarine's hull, and its level reached 100 decibels in the central post of the boat. For its high-speed qualities, the boat was very much liked by the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy, Admiral S.G. Gorshkov. Project 661 SSGN in terms of its driving and maneuvering qualities had no analogues either in the Soviet or in foreign fleets and served as the undoubted predecessor of the second and third generation submarines with cruise missiles on board and titanium hulls. However, the delay with its commissioning, a number of tactical shortcomings of the missile system, the significant noise of the submarine, design flaws in a number of instruments and the insufficient resource of the main mechanisms and equipment of the ship, the commissioning of the second generation submarine of other projects, led to the decision to abandon the serial construction of the SSGN project 661 . Did not receive development and proposals for the modernization of K-162, including the installation of the P-120 missile system with subsequent replacement with the Granit complex. The boat became part of the Northern Fleet and from January 1970 to December 1971 was in trial operation, after which it was transferred to combat strength, but made only a few combat campaigns due to the low reliability of mechanisms and equipment. In 1970, the issue of laying down a series of SSGNs of an improved project - 661M was again discussed . Three versions of the submarine were worked out, differing in displacement (from 5197 to 6208 tons), underwater speed (39-42 knots), power plant (43000-55000 hp) and other parameters. However, by this time, the serial construction of project 670 submarines that did not have such high speed characteristics, but much cheaper and quieter submarines with commensurate striking power, had already been launched.
>>Notable aspects of the project
<Absolutely no existing knowledge was to be used in its construction; everything had to be developed from scratch and revolutionary to the industry to which it belonged in order to develop knowledge for the next generation of submarines and beyond
<the speed and safe diving depth of Projekt 661 was almost twice as fast as any existing NATO submarine to this day and over triple the diving depth at 600m
<Projekt 661 was able to outrun and outdive all existing NATO deep-water running torpedos
<Projekt 661 directly led to the development to the Projekt 705- a rough copy of Projekt 661 reconfigured for SSN purposes, 705 suffered from extreme noise at speed(150 db+), the 705A was supposed to fix this but was never built due to the collapse of the USSR. The other direct development was the SSGN Projekt 949 which was a more streamlined and quieter version of 661 at the cost of speed, durability, and diving depth. 949 would also develop in the largest submarine ever built in the form of the K-329, a modified 949A by the Russian Federation by adding several metres to the length of the hull in order to house a fully autonomous nuclear torpedo that can attack any target in the world on its own(The torpedo is larger than most subs) which itself is developed from 661's planned feature to split its hull to become 2 vessels to attack several strategic targets.
No.4039
>>1581>lazersqueal makes a 'reveal' video filming himself while unironically doing his "le british-empire was good akshually" meme in real life and proceeds to be a nonce. >comment-section is literally Eceleb worship by all the r/NonCredibleDefense retards that forgot their subreddit was supposed to be ironic. >Someone on /k/ points this out and a few people agree ( /k/thread/60229633 )<mods delete the thread Yep, /k/ really is in the dumpster
As an aside, Lazerpig made the following assertions (among others), that I found particularly stupifyingly idiotic
1 - The Armata's engine is the Porsche-Tiger engine
2 - the T-72 uses the same V2 as the T-34
Both demonstrate and prove that Lazerswine not only doesn't know what he's on about, but that he also can't be bothered to research properly.
The narrative of the V-2 being from the T-34 is a mistranslation of Russian statements, which speak of the reliability of the design and that the T-72s V2 uses the same V2 set up. The very fact that the transmission and placement of the engine is completely different doesn't cross this moron's mind. A /k/ anon brought up a very good analogy:
It’s like trying to say the 2023 Corvette engine is made from the same V8 engine Chevy made in the 1950’s. Engine evolution is slow and builds upon the previous generation. Chamber shaped differently here, block casting methods there, till eventually it doesn’t share a single part from the original engine. As for the Armata, I have no idea where he got the notion from. The X-shaped engine block of the Armata is, as far as I can recall, a deep modernization of the A-85-2 engine created for the original T-90 concept called Object 187, it's even in one of the designations; the A-85-3A. That Ob-187 engine was developed specifically for the T-90, and has no resemblance to the Porsche Type 101310 PS used on the Porsche-Tiger tank.
https://topwar.ru/154852-osnovnye-tanki-semejstva-obekt-187.html https://www.thedrive.com/news/this-34-liter-x12-engine-is-a-terrifically-weird-2000-hp-tank-motor