>>24370Y-Chromosome Haplogroups are mutations on the Y-Chromosome which are passed down from Father to Son and are used to show evidence of historical migrations due to the fact that most of these mutations are found at higher frequencies amongst certain ethnic groups and oftentimes the distribution and historical spread of various Y-Chromosome Haplogroups are associated with the spread of major Language Families in a phenomenon referred to as the “Father Tongue Hypothesis” (
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_tongue_hypothesis ), with prominent examples of this being Haplogroups R1a and R1a associated with the Indo-European languages, Haplogroup N associated with the Uralic languages, Y-Chromosome E1b1b associated with the Afro-Asiatic languages, Haplogroup E1b1a associated with the Niger-Congo Languages, and various subclades of Haplogroup O associated with Sino-Tibetan, Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic, and Austronesian Languages, etc. ✊😜🧬!
Autosomal DNA PCA clusters are based on modeling individuals Autosomal genetic ancestry to various current and past populations in order to model their entire genetic ancestry, which contrasts to Haplogroups in that they only show one specific ancestor thousands of years ago. Now, to answer your question on when DNA becomes indigenous, the answer to that is quite vague as you could pick any specific point in time you want to define as a cut off year for when it becomes indigenous or not and you really would never have a real right or wrong answer, though if forced to pick a year, I would probably say the year 1500 as that is when the European colonization of the Americas began, and their was widespread migrations at a global level, though as the Video of the changing Ethnic map of Europe over the past 2000 years shows, their has always been large scale migrations, genocides, assimilation, and mixing between different populations and Population Genetic (Y-Chromosome Haplogroups and Autosomal DNA PCA clusters) has shown that many historical migrations/conquest that some archeologists believed had relatively minimal population turnover actually had much more then previously assumed, with the most prominent ones in the last 2000 years being the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain and the Slavic settlement of the Balkans, both of which were believed until most recently to be small scale migrations of a small elite which assimilated the indigenous population into a different language/culture/ethnic group, but have know been proven by recent Genetic studies to have replaced around half of the population, with the majority of Y-Chromosome DNA Haplogroups of both the English and South Slavic population, and around 50% of their Autosomal ancestry tracing back to these migrations (
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9534755/ and
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10752003/ ), ✊😜🧬!