>>2866052I think it's more foundational than that. Marx and Engels were mistaken in thinking the egalitarianism of hunter-gatherers was the base "species-being". Modern anthropology says egalitarianism was consciously enforced, and without conscious enforcement, humans revert to oppressive chimp-like hierarchies. The thing is, and it's a bit complicated to understand, said conscious enforcement itself arose as a survival strategy due to human sociality. Humans, unlike other primates, or even our closest cousins neanderthals, are not automatically hostile to strangers. If your group is mistreating you, you can leave for another group, thus the group can't afford to mistreat you. Hunter-gatherers had loose networks of these groups that were far larger than Dunbar's number (up to a 1000 or so), meaning from our earliest days we were mingling with strangers. But imagine you're trapped in a Jonestown-esque cult, or a patriarchal multi-generational rural collective, boarding school, nunnery, neanderthal group… Places where you are isolated from contact with strangers. This is exactly where we observe the worst of individual abuse, and it is exactly the reversion to oppressive chimp-like hierarchies.
In other words, competition between groups to not lose members to each other is what makes us "civilized" in the first place. Because contrary to human goodness assumptions, we are extra-social chimps, not the children of heaven.
But there's more. You see, it turns out, modern anthropology says that even in our earliest days, we conceptually understood reciprocity (debt) and comparative value (arbitrage). Trade itself was born from mingling with strangers, and became a means of keeping different groups in good standing, keeping the peace. Of course, we weren't doing capitalism, but the seeds of capitalism were there from the start. What were our neanderthal cousins doing? Treating women like mobile property, as if they were pastoralists. How do we logically deduce this? We know that neanderthal groups didn't intermingle even with neighboring groups for tens of thousands of years. We know neanderthal excavation sites show the men being related to each other, but the women coming from "outside". The conclusion? These women were either kidnapped/captured, or exchanged during tense territorial stand-offs as a means of de-escalation. This slots in exactly with our "isolation creates oppressive chimp-like hierarchies" observation. The women were dominated by the men. A far cry from consciously enforced egalitarianism.
And what are the implications for communism? Inevitable "Stalinism". Not as in some ideology, but as how the USSR actually functioned on a daily basis. At the bottom, a society of strangers, just as in every modern society ever. Trade has to be consciously suppressed 24/7 by a special body of armed men, because when strangers intermingle, trade inevitably emerges. And at the top, a central apparatus has monopolized society itself into a single collective, and there an oppressive chimp-like hierarchy forms.
You know what historical society it ends up accidentally resembling? Sparta. Due to certain historical circumstances, the Spartans were subjected each other to their own terror to "discipline". Simultaneously, the helots were constantly terrorized by Spartans assigned the role of special body of armed men, because left to their own devices, they would have broken away from Sparta.
The conclusion is that the only possible communism is what Marx and Engels called crude or barracks communism, which they opposed on account of failing to liberate the individual from the collective, which for them was the whole point of communism. But what made hunter-gatherers "free" in the first place was competition between collectives for membership, not a collective monopoly.
And the final irony is, Marx and Engels traced the communist idea to François-Noël Babeuf, who specifically idolized ancient Sparta as the blueprint of communism.