>>2553592>Runways and rocksWhile work was being carried out on Abd al-Kuri, it was also proceeding apace at Samhah, the smallest of Socotra’s three inhabited islands, located deep in the Arabian Sea.
Satellite imagery shows that the UAE began constructing an airstrip on the island in 2024, with the runway completed in April 2025, alongside the paving of roads and establishment of essential support facilities.
Samhah’s rocky, mountainous terrain does not allow for the easy construction of longer runways, so it is most likely used for rapid, periodic surveillance operations rather than heavy transport. It can receive and operate the Hermes 900 and is able to support electronic reconnaissance and maritime surveillance operations.
The island’s location is ideal for monitoring the maritime passage between the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea, through which about 12 percent of worldwide trade passes.
Between 25 March and 4 April 2025, satellite imagery revealed the appearance of a temporary sandbar on the western side of Samhah, which was not visible in previous images seen by MEE. This small sandbar appears to have been formed for temporary marine drainage, a common pattern in isolated military construction projects.
While this was taking place, the Young Star, a Comoros-flagged landing craft with IMO number 1095973, which was most likely being used to unload equipment used to prepare the runway, could be seen anchored off the island’s west coast.
Ship tracking data shows that the vessel continues to move periodically between Samhah, Abd al-Kuri and Socotra, and that it docks at nearby Yemeni ports before returning to Abu Dhabi.
Other ships, including the Takreem and al-Mabroukah 2, have been tracked by MEE moving between the main island of Socotra, the coast of Yemen, Abd al-Kuri and Bosaso, connecting the UAE’s ring of control.
While Abd al-Kuri, Samhah and Socotra are integral to this network of bases, it is Mayun (also known as Perim), a volcanic island in the Bab al-Mandab strait, that occupies the most strategically vital position.
Known as the “gate of tears” because of its large protruding rocks and wild seas, the Bab al-Mandab is situated between the Horn of Africa and the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula, with Yemen on one side and Eritrea and Djibouti, which hosts a significant US military base and troops from western countries including the UK, on the other.
It is one of the world’s crucial maritime chokepoints for energy shipments and commercial cargo and was seriously impacted after the Houthis began attacks there in November 2023.
While the US and the Houthis signed a deal in May this year that stopped the attacks – as well as US-led bombing campaigns in Yemen – marine traffic in the Bab al-Mandab is still short of the average of 72-75 ships a day seen before November 2023.
As early as 2021, reports emerged of a “mysterious airbase” being built on Mayun, with no country taking claim of the construction.
The reports noted that the runway “allows whoever controls it to project power into the strait and easily launch air strikes into mainland Yemen… It also provides a base for any operations into the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden and nearby east Africa.”
Satellite imagery from 2023 to the present day shows that the airstrip at Mayun Air Base now extends to approximately 1.85km in length, sloping from northwest to southeast along the island’s west coast. The runway is made up of a dark-coloured paved surface suitable for medium-sized aircraft or large drones and manned reconnaissance aircraft.
While in 2023 and 2024 no changes were observed on the runway, in 2025 images showed a clear change, indicating that surface levelling and resurfacing work had been carried out.
There are a series of hangars around the base large enough – the longest and widest is 660 metres x 100 metres – to house drones and possibly reconnaissance aircraft. Satellite imagery also shows residential facilities on the base, allowing for the deployment of dozens of military and technical personnel.
>Surveillance and supply linesThe island bases are connected by maritime routes, infrastructure patterns and intelligence facilities to the UAE’s military presence in Bosaso and Berbera, two ports in Somalia’s Puntland and Somaliland regions.
The use of these two regions, which both have separatist movements seeking a break from Somalia, has placed the UAE in opposition to Hassan Sheikh Mohamud’s government in Mogadishu.
In September, Africa Confidential reported on the “chronic enmity” between MBZ and the Somali president, which it said was partly the result of the UAE’s “hegemonic ambitions” in the Horn of Africa.
Satellite imagery shows that at Bosaso Air Base, located next to Bosaso International Airport, Emirati management has established a radar facility, fortified ammunition depots, a dedicated cargo area for IL-76 heavy transport aircraft, a field hospital, a vehicle storage yard that houses dozens of pickup trucks, aircraft hangars and the original hangar of the Puntland Maritime Police Force (PMPF).
The PMPF was initially run by a UAE-based company, in violation of a UN arms embargo, and reported directly to the Puntland president, bypassing the sovereignty of the Somali federal government.
Imagery from Google Earth indicates rapid and intense building work carried out on the eastern edge of Bosaso Air Base between January 2024 and January 2025. In that time, three helipads; a group of large, enclosed hangars able to accommodate drones; and a fully paved operating area connected to those hangers were constructed.
Satellite imagery from the northern end of the base at Bosaso shows what appears to be an Emirati-operated French-made GM-403 radar, though there have been reports that an Israeli-made EL/M-2084 system - the same used by Israel's Iron Dome - is in use.
Both the French and Israeli radar systems are capable of tracking more than a thousand drones, aircraft, missiles or artillery at a range of more than 400km. In Bosaso, this means covering the Gulf of Aden and the entrance to the Red Sea.
According to multiple Sudanese, diplomatic and local sources, the UAE is also using Bosaso to transfer weapons and ammunitions to the RSF in Sudan.
The IL-76 transport aircraft has been seen in satellite imagery parked on a civilian airport landing strip to the southeast of the Bosaso airfield. Also seen in satellite imagery was a Hercules C-130, a military transport aircraft for heavy equipment.
In early 2024, two or three of these transport flights were arriving every day. By mid-2025 these were operating at about 15 per month.
On Monday, according to flight tracking data, a Boeing 737-436 arrived at Bosaso 8.50am UTC and then departed on its return flight to Abu Dhabi.
>Complicated allianceThe UAE’s engagement with Somaliland, perhaps the autonomous region with the strongest independence movement within Somalia, goes back to 2017.
To strengthen its claim to autonomy, the Somaliland government accepted an Emirati bid to establish a military base in Berbera, which has become part of the network connecting the Yemeni islands and Bosaso.
Satellite imagery shows that in Berbera, the naval base had been quietly transformed from a stalled project to a nearly completed facility, with advanced infrastructure including a modern military port, a deep-water dock, an airstrip with hangars and support facilities, all constructed.
The runway at Berbera is 4km long, meaning it can receive heavy transport aircraft and fighter jets. The creation of all these facilities has turned Berbera into a regionally important strategic hub.
In June, Abu Dhabi finalised an agreement to build a railway linking the Somaliland port to Ethiopia, another sign of its pre-eminence in the Horn of Africa.
“The present reality combines several elements,” Harchaoui told MEE. “The UAE’s extraordinary propaganda and lobbying machinery, its willingness to intervene militarily across multiple theatres, its financial resources, and its complete disregard for international norms and UN Security Council arms embargoes.”
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