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/edu/ - Education

'The weapon of criticism cannot, of course, replace criticism of the weapon, material force must be overthrown by material force; but theory also becomes a material force as soon as it has gripped the masses.' - Karl Marx
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All good communists study math.

What are you studying right now? What is your favorite field of mathematics and why?

Personally, I really like the book "Linear Algebra Done Right" by Sheldon Axler. It is on Libgen if you are interested and I attached a pdf.
228 posts and 48 image replies omitted.

>>25273
"I'm the anon who briefly ran a textboard"
as if this is at all relevant to anything other than your narcissism lmao

>le narcissism
no, i mentioned it because i'm not whoever you said was decrying philosophy. if you have something to discuss with them, go back to whatever thread or board you came from instead of shitting up an /edu/ thread ffs

>>25276
You said as much elsewhere under the exact same name, so unless that was someone LARPing as you, you're full of shit. Nice job conversing about the nature of 'being' with your math prof, btw, definitely not the equivalent of trying to discuss calculus with an English professor. Moron.

>>25299
Also, it's particularly funny that you try to coyly dismiss narcissism, i.e. 'le narcissism' as if that pseudo-ironic meandering actually dismisses anything–you ARE a narcissist, which is why you can't seriously bear the brunt of the accusation, in addition to the obvious symptoms you exhibit time and time again. It's funny though, like every narcissist, you will insist upon your delusions to the contrary, so self-absorbed by your own veil that you can't recognize the fact that everyone else sees you for what you obviously are, and every attempt at dignifying yourself according to your own warped perception only serves to humor every external onlooker in actuality.

omfg, stop acting like an insufferable newfag >>>/meta/41601



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well anons do you think Viruses are living organisms or just complex biochemicals? Which viral origin hypothesis do you like the best?

Points against
>Viruses are not capable of independent replication and have to use the cell machinery of there host to do so, even bacteria that have never been grown outside of a cell culture still retain cell machinery of their own.
>Viruses are dormant until they come into contact with a host and do not have a full range of metabolic processes
>If viruses are alive then wouldn't DNA, Plasmids, Prions and even some minerals be alive as well?

Points for
>if recent research indicating that viruses and hosts evolved from a common ancestor than how exactly would viruses evolve back into non-life?
>giant viruses have large genomes and cell machinery
>the metabolism first argument that excludes viruses from life would make plastids a form of life

<the sauce: https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/what-is-life/article/are-viruses-alive-what-is-life.html


tbh I find the viral origin debate more interesting but lean towards viruses being alive, that being said I would look at the origin theories before making a decision on if they are alive or not. The Theories(copy and pasted from here: https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/what-is-life/article/are-viruses-alive-what-is-life.html )
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.
64 posts and 7 image replies omitted.

how can life emerge from non-life?
the universe is a living being and we grow from it.

>>25283
You also dont really need to bring in quantum mechanics for this, you already get this insight in a classical system with brownian motion.
I also dont think 'not inert' is a very useful definition of whether something is alive or not. When you die the atoms in your body do not stop wiggling but i do think it is useful to make a functional distinction between a living body and a corpse.

>>25291
>>25283
That’s why we need to distinguish the biochemical scale from the molecular/atomic scale. But you are right. Inanimate objects are not really inanimate.
Their particles are constantly in motion.

>>24024
Shut up you retard

>>25297
none of that was a 'sand castle', btw, it's just that you're too narcissistic to parse anything outside of your narrowly preconceived narrative, BECAUSE YOU HAVE AUTISM (AND narcissism!).



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Any anons here know how it is to study marxism/polsci in China? May be personal stories or just general articles on it. I heard it is quite interesting but can vary much.

You will be unemployed anyways so why would one study some shitty engineering course just to hope you will get hired to construct missles to kill children in the middle east. Better to be unemployed and at least know that you are the most communist of all communists.

If you are going to China why not just study engineering in China?

>most communist of all communists
>"marxism" degree program in china
he doesn't know

>>25138

>designing missiles

>Implying you won't be designing door knobs for literal who company



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Not yet, because I'm still studying and all that stuff. What things does I need to avoid and what does I need to apply it on my classes, according to /edu/?

First post by the way…

Lol,post it on /siberia/,dude,this board is dead



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"The Juche idea is a man-centered world outlook. It is a revolutionary, scientific, and political theory that accurately illumines the way for realizing the independence of the masses." - Kim Jong Il

People,let's make a good thread about the political ideology of Democratic People's Republic of Korea - Juche.
Share your thoughts,pdfs,videos,documentaries or other educational materials for the community of this site.
18 posts and 2 image replies omitted.

>>25192
NK is a pretty shitty place to live, honestly, you need to be frank about that, also they have a weird Kim dinasty gleazing, so NK is a kind a cringe socialist country.

>>24798
The unicorn thing was blatant rfa propaganda, you're retarded

>>25210
Remove sanctions

>actually existing lasalleanism

Boomp



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Why not a thread for Permaculture/DIY/squatting? It's basically the only thing that most of us can do as neither revolution nor reform (fascism) seem to work, and yet it's too late to live normally.

Picrel is the apple, pomegranate, and (I think) cherry trees I have been working on. As well I managed to harvest a lot of sunflower seeds, corn, beans, pumpkin, and birdhouse gourd this year, despite the small plot.

My mom tore down one of my setups cuz "Muh HOA" "Muh Property value" but fortunately I met a couple at a local unitarian church who were willing to spare some land.

How has your year been?

>>25267 (epic!)
>apple
We've got two or three apple trees here, but they're too young to produce much.
Older varieties from around the area, and one which is just a ton of grafts.

>pomegranate

We had a red russian pomegranate but we dug it up and moved if further south to my grandparents.
It's a very sturdy plant, to have managed to have been moved or died back to the ground three or four times.
It seems like it's doing much better at its current location though, it was just maybe a zone or two too cold here.

We've also got a small plot of russian kale.
Another very resilient plant that tends to do a little better in the fall when there's no butterflies to eat them.
Have a theory that the coloration of scarlet kale would make it undesirable to the green worms, and so would really like to cross them.
Getting something like a red russian kale!
I've never been able to get the scarlet kale to grow however. sad.
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.

>>25277
>folk stories
Or… you know… mass line.

There are existing threads on /hobby/ for 2/3 of these
Permaculture >>>/hobby/33648
DIY >>>/hobby/489



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Going through historical records over what actually happened in most wars (both recent and ancient) is making me frustrated over how insultingly weak, passive aggressive, incompetent, and cowardly the vast majority of people and men in general are. Apparently something like 80%+ of all pre gunpowder age battles revolved entirely around intimidating the opponent and only attacking once the enemy was fleeing and had their backs exposed. If that shit wasn’t dishonourable enough, some armours including Persian helmets or Viking berserker armour were specifically designed to make Persians appear taller and Vikings more scrappy to deter opponents rather than anything rooted in battlefield function. The same could be said about most ornamented armour which only tells me that nearly every motherfucker in history have spent generations dicksucking themselves off with meaningless trophies and amateur displays of strength before running and freaking out the moment actual battles occur. In terms of actual fighting, if it wasn’t against already surrendering fleeing opponents, civilian casualties—especially against unarmed, weakened, and defensless civilians—were usually the most common targets of both conquerors and pre socialist revolutionaries effectively rendering any actual fights between warriors as almost nonexistent in preindustrial warfare.

If that cowardly and weak shit isn’t dishonourable enough, just look at the shit going on after the introduction of gunpowder.

Mass casualties among soldiers due to exposure to disease, self inflicted psychological trauma, and tripping related accidents from the napoleonic era to the world wars; reliance on the threat (not the use) of WMDs (of course against defensless civilians because who would approach their opponents up close) to win wars; military leaders somehow getting even weaker and more disconnected from their soldiers as military sophistication improved; the list of things you can make fun of just keep going on.

Vietnam against France was probably the only time where things improved a bit with how easy it was to respect soldiers. It was by this point where stress inoculation as a concept was introduced to military training which meant you had soldiers fighting the way you’d initially imagine against armed and readied opponents instead of picking fights with literal children and adults on the brink of starvation. Does this mean that all wars afterwards suddenly became way more honorablePost too long. Click here to view the full text.
21 posts and 4 image replies omitted.

>humans are
bruh you're one of them
>irritatingly weak
and you're easily irritated, which is a form of weakness, overcome it, "human"

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>>24987
>The same could be said about most ornamented armour which only tells me that nearly every motherfucker in history have spent generations dicksucking themselves off with meaningless trophies and amateur displays of strength
to think that we could have decorated ourselves to be brighter, prettier and more aesthetically pleasing like picrel instead of the unnatural abomination you describe…

People tend to have a very romanticized view of war and imperialism and history, they picture two armies fighting on the battlefield with buglers and flags and all the rest of it. The reality is more like bands of marauders descending on towns and village and slaughtering defenseless civilians, burning their homes, stealing everything they own, violating their women, shooting their children and livestock for fun, etc.

Not just humans, all mammals fight this way. Ever seen two cats go at it? First they scream at each other and try to intimidate, and usually attack when one of them starts to run away.

>>24987
>Humans have a fear of death, and are by and large empathetic enough to not want to inflict it on others
>these cowards have not even used their WMD
>This is a bad thing somehow



 

ITT post information about the history and anthropology of the New World. A lot of new anthropological work has been done in this field in recent decades that has not yet entered public consciousness.
165 posts and 223 image replies omitted.

>>25211
wrong.
current genetic evidence shows all native groups to be descended from ancestral native americans arriving between 20-14kya after which the population branched into ancestral northern native americans that populate canada and the northern united states and ancestral southern native americans that populated the rest of north america and south america.
two subsequent waves brough na-dene and then eskaleut peoples to north america but these peoples themselves just like remaining paleo-siberians such as the chuckchi descend from the same mixing of ane and ancient east asian that gave rise to the initial ancestral native american population.

New ArchaeoEd video. The topic is the Ancestral Pueblo.


New Ancient Americas video discussing the Eastern Agriculture Complex ie that time the ancestors of Mississippians developed agriculture independently of Mesoamerica and the Andes but later most of these agricultural crops were replaced by Mesoamerican imports, including the king of crops, maize.

>>25250
I think it's interesting to see how a region of the world could develop agriculture but not "progress" into high civilization like Mesoamerica or the Andes.
Could the crops have something to do with it? Were they not as efficient or nutritious as stuff like maize, amaranth, quinoa or potatoes?
The intensification of maize agriculture into the eastern woodlands seems to coincide with the development of Mississippian civilization. Could they have been on their way to develop as much as Mesoamerica and the Andes when Europeans came? That would've been pretty interesting since the area is quite large and has vert navigable rivers. Would there have been eventual direct contact with Mesoamerica? So many lost possibilities.



 

Western philosophy has always been sort of clunky and clumsy when it comes to explaining the dynamics of complex chaotic systems like the universe and societies and markets. Marx takes the standard 19th century linear causality Western approach to understanding how anything works - he tries to break down markets into a set of basic fundamental forces and laws operating at the microcosm which you can examine to control and predict what will happen at the macrocosm.

The problem with this is, there is no linear causality in an emergent system; instead there is recursive duality. You have a bunch of individual elements interacting with each other to generate the emergent system, and the emergent system in turn influences the behaviors of the individual elements. So any major change you try to forcibly introduce will create a feedback loop, often with very unpredictable and chaotic results. How do you affect any desired change in a system like this?

The ancient Taoist principle of wu-wei is an interesting way of understanding how to navigate emergent systems. Wu-wei means "effortless action" or "action through inaction" and it is a concept that is difficult to clearly define. It doesn't mean to "do nothing", it means to never force anything, to not try to control and plan everything, to be fluid and dynamic and in tune with the world so that you can do exactly the right thing in the right moment, to swim with the currents and use them rather than fight them, etc. It would be interesting to think about how to apply a principle like this to markets and what kind of effect that might have.

I've heard there have been obscure sects of Eastern Anarchism in China, Japan, Korea, etc. which apply Tao principles to markets and society and things like that, but I haven't been able to find much information about it.
2 posts and 1 image reply omitted.

This is not the problem you think it is. Philosophy expounded on causality and time in ancient times. It is a thoroughly modern doctrine that makes these idiotic koans about "historical progress" as a blind force. History never worked that way.

Main difference with European/Christian philosophy is that Law and the state were described exhaustively, whereas for the rest of the world, rulers didn't make any pretenses that their rule was about justice or order or anything necessarily good or reasonable. If you think English common law is arbitrary and dumb, get a load of the laws most of humanity followed. The point of describing the state exhaustively was precisely to work against the conceit that there was anything mystical about the state's laws, whereas for most of the world, this concept of the state and the conspiracy around it didn't exist in the first place. It was expected by most of humanity that the state and those who ran it would be awful and bring nothing good whatsoever, and the idea that it could be different never got anywhere. The state societies of Europe were far more given over to conspiracy and habitual lying.

It might be interesting to you to learn that "lassiez-faire" as described by the French physiocrats was lifted directly from Taoism and Chinese political thought; that was how they were translating the concept of wu wei. I always found it funny that the most despotic economic thought was somehow "liberal" and came to be associated with democracy.

>>25243

With China being a dynastic society for thousands of years, pretty much its entire history, the totalitarian state was always treated as a universal fact of life, that's the only kind of society people in ancient China ever knew, there was nothing else. The Tao Te Ching delves quite a bit into politics and how to run a society, but it does so entirely through the lens of a dynastic society ruled by an autocratic ruler, making the case for a benevolent passive dictator who rules by not ruling, applying the principle of wu-wei to a monarchy.

I feel like Western philosophy had its own primordial elements which had a lot in common with Eastern philosophy. The East had Taoism and Confucianism as the two original opposing yet complimentary philosophies which inspired everything that came after while The West had Plato and Aristotle. I think Aristotle's view of the world became the much more dominant force in Western thought over the years.

I didn't know about the thing with French economists applying wu-wei to capitalism, it's funny how ideas can be so open to interpretation.

>>25244
Quesnay who was the French physiocrat writer was really big into Chinese history and wrote a book about Chinese despotism (remember that at this time the ruling idea of France is enlightened despotism where the King had centralized a lot of things and emphasized his absolute authority over the state). The physiocrats write slightly before Adam Smith, and Smith specifically rejected the physiocrats after giving them a treatment in Wealth of Nations. It should say something that "lassiez faire" was never what the British promoted in the way that was assumed. The British Empire would from time to time interfere in political matters to rejigger this new thing, "free trade", and if you look at the actions of the East India Company they are running whole countries like a business, rather than operating as "regular rulers". Corporate government, in one way or another, is obsessed with control over the levers of management. There is nothing in Adam Smith that suggests that "state capitalism" can't be a thing. The important thing in Adam Smith is this moral philosophy where everyone is expected to be a rational actor and educated to conform to that if the society is to work, and it is implied that the class of university graduates had a super-authority over the entire arrangement and a rightful lock on positions in government, since they were more committed to the Empire and long-term thinking than typical businessmen.

For the physiocrats the rationale for "lassiez-faire" was not about a belief that this would optimize efficiency or create the most moral society. Quesnay openly states that if people starve, then this is just the natural order, likening the economy to a biological system. This is really important and often forgotten in the discourse, because Quesnay is the first place I've seen that description of an economic system (not that it was called a "system" at the time). Ibn Khaldun way back in the middle ages suggested that the history of states and empires could be likened to the lifecycle of an organism, but this was a statement about politics and had nothing to do with economics, which remained the affair of individuals (which is a roundabout way by which it entered later political economy, and when you think about the status of merchants in Islam and Islamic law it makes a lot more sense).

>>25239
I recognize your writing style. Why'd you stop posting with the quasi-ironic nazi flag?

>>25246
>The important thing in Adam Smith is this moral philosophy where everyone is expected to be a rational actor and educated to conform to that if the society is to work
what? adam smith promotes self-interest of the citizenry (the so-called "invisible hand"; a humean principle of "sympathy" as opposed to the more vulgar "private vices, public virtues" of mandeville). at the conclusion of book 1 of the wealth of nations he speaks on how self-interest also has its class character however, and so shows that what is promoted by capitalists is harmful to society, since it subsumes one's interest as that of another, while what is in the interest of the worker or landlord is good for society (since as he writes, wages and rents rise with prosperity and productivity, while profit rises in antagonism to these two). thus he concludes:
<But the rate of profit does not, like rent and wages, rise with the prosperity and fall with the declension of the society. On the contrary, it is naturally low in rich and high in poor countries, and it is always highest in the countries which are going fastest to ruin. The interest of this third order, therefore, has not the same connection with the general interest of the society as that of the other two […] It is by this superior knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed upon his generosity, and persuaded him to give up both his own interest and that of the public, from a very simple but honest conviction that their interest, and not his, was the interest of the public. The interest of the dealers, however, in any particular branch of trade or manufactures, is always in some respects different from, and even opposite to, that of the public. To widen the market and to narrow the competition, is always the interest of the dealers. To widen the market may frequently be agreeable enough to the interest of the public; but to narrow the competition must always be against it, and can serve only to enable the dealers, by raising their profits above what they naturally would be, to levy, for their own benefit, an absurd tax upon the rest of their fellow-citizens.
https://www.marxists.org/reference/arPost too long. Click here to view the full text.



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I have recently started an economics degree but haven’t studied maths since high school, are there any good resources for improving my maths abilities/knowledge? Ideally if its econ related

(Yes i know theres a maths thread but that seems far more advanced than what i need)
2 posts omitted.

you don't need maths for economics just make shit up like economists do

>>25227
give an example of what economists have "made up"

>>25228
economics

>>25232
🙄😮‍💨

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Study the properties and theory of these in the following order:
>fractions
>percentages
>potentiation
>roots
>first degree equations
>notable products
>polynomial equations, bhaskara
>functions (VERY important)
>matrix operations
>combinatorial analysis
>simple and compound interest
>arithmetic and geometric progression
>summation notation
Each of these takes from one day to one or two weeks (in the case of functions). You're expected to do a buttload of exercises. You will only learn by spamming exercises. Make a habit out of it, while you listen to music or whatever. Preferably with pencil and paper.
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.



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