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/leftypol/ - Leftist Politically Incorrect

"The anons of the past have only shitposted on the Internet about the world, in various ways. The point, however, is to change it."
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This thread is for the discussion of cybercommunism, the planning of the socialist economy by computerized means, including discussions of related topics and creators. Drama belongs in /isg/

Reading
Towards a New Socialism by Paul Cockshott and Allin Cottrell: http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/
Brain of the Firm by Stafford Beer
Cybernetic Revolutionaries by Eden Medina
Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine and The Human Use of Human Beings (1st edition) by Norbert Wiener
Economic cybernetics by Nikolay Veduta
People's Republic of Walmart by Leigh Phillips and Michal Rozworski
Red Plenty by Francis Spufford
Economics in kind, Total socialisation and A system of socialisation by Otto Neurath (Incommensurability, Ecology, and Planning: Neurath in the Socialist Calculation Debate by Thomas Uebel provides a summary)

Active writers/creators sorted by last name

>Paul Cockshott

Post too long. Click here to view the full text.
270 posts and 42 image replies omitted.

>>2926184
it's not just what he thinks, they listed that as a reason, that he supported "antisemitic conspiracy theories" because he doesn't buy the official explanation for the Nth israeli false flag attack
then there is the gender thing

imo the strongest point they have against him is the acp shit: he apparently liked and retweeted some of their stuff. on the other hand, he has made more than one video condemning and disproving acp nonsense, like his iconic video explaining that baristas are, in fact, NOT bourgeois:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEsuQyyv5hc

he clearly doesn't agree with them on anything, old man just saw the word "communist party" and smashed the like and retweet button. it's insane that they would expel someone over any of this, let alone someone of his caliber. this feels like some clique inside had a grudge against him and just decided to throw shit at the wall and see if it sticks

like, all the other british marxist authors from the last ~30 years are, at best, verso-books fodder

>>2926199
>"antisemitic conspiracy theories"

>>2926050
Heinrichchads winning

>>2926273
Another banger from that channel.

>>2926273
>the fucking anti-vaxx stuff near the end
am I missing something here? is he implying that Fauci was underestimating the amount of time (two weeks) it would take to get the pandemic under control?
>>2926199
>like, all the other british marxist authors from the last ~30 years are, at best, verso-books fodder
it could just be that the CPB has been infiltrated by glowies



File: 1790964938788-9.png (2.09 MB, 1179x1565, ClipboardImage.png)

 

Have you heard about the Spainish protests? Do we have any espanolanonos who can elaborate?

Context: an ~80yo woman who was on a rental contract that she inherited from her parents had her house taken over by private equity, increased the rent by like 4x, then evicted her. The people successfully resisted it and it has now turned into a mass movement of the landless youth.
2 posts omitted.

Protests are just another tool governments allow you to have to feel like you have power when you don’t, it’s like letting your toddler throw their tantrum among their playpen and toys

Meanwhile Germany is currently discussing banning (yes banning) eminent domain specifically and just for nationalization residencial real estate and housing pre-emptively. lmao

From the Coordinadora Juvenil Socialista in Madrid.

>>2924919
Yeah but the right wing rightist (PSOE is left wing rightist) in Congress shot down both "pacifier" laws that were drafted, making the protests go for longer.

why is this dumb bitch of sanchez calling for snap elections when psoe and sumar are below pp+vox? do socdems worldwide just have a permanent death wish



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A general to compile all news, articles, essays and info related to the Greater Middle East-North Africa region.

Creating this general in an effort to centralize all the info that currently gets posted to 5 different threads concerning conflicts and developments in the MENA region. Seeing how slow they generally are and at risk of getting bumped off besides the Palestine thread and that it’s likely people interested in Yemen, Syria, Iran, Sudan and Palestine are likely also interested in news and info from across the region I think it would be useful to post everything in one place.

Previous edition: >>2591246

Some highlights from last thread:
>The United Arab Emirates allies of the European far-righ
https://orientxxi.info/les-emirats-arabes-unis-allies-de-l-extreme-droite-europeenne,8034
>How Dirty Money Finds a Home in Dubai Real Estate
https://www.occrp.org/interactives/dubai-unlocked/en/
>Why Maids Keep Dying in Saudi Arabia
https://archive.is/u3Dea
>Escape From the Abyss: Surviving the Atrocities in El Fasher
https://archive.is/lJOet
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.
29 posts and 7 image replies omitted.

File: 1791095244719-4.jpg (969.55 KB, 2124x2126, CASA-final_map_EN4.jpg)

After financing doubts last year, Rogun is on rise again
Construction on Tajikistan’s massive Rogun Dam project has taken significant steps forward over the last year, seeming to put to rest doubts about the project’s viability that had bubbled up last summer.
In June, World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors approved a $300 million grant for the project – its second round of funding, on top of a $350 million grant approved in December 2024.
In addition to the World Bank’s new tranche of funds, the Abu Dhabi Fund for Development signed a loan agreement in early February for $100 million toward the current stage of the project. In late July, the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti, an investment organ of the Italian state, committed to a $150 million investment through the World Bank’s consortium.
https://eurasianet.org/after-financing-doubts-last-year-rogun-is-on-rise-again
Afghanistan Nears 75% Completion of CASA-1000 Project
The DABS officials add that once completed, Afghanistan will earn about $65 million annually from electricity transit fees.
Mohammad Tawoos Farzad, an economic analyst, said: “With the implementation of this project, Afghanistan can obtain electricity and also receive between $50 to $60 million in transit fees; however, the key issue is that if tensions between Kabul and Islamabad continue, completing this project will be difficult.”
CASA-1000 is considered one of the key regional energy projects aimed at transferring electricity from Central Asia to Afghanistan and Pakistan.
https://www.tolonews.com/business-198728

Pakistan accelerates four major dam projects amid growing water security concerns
Pakistan has accelerated work on four dam projects that are expected to add more than eight million acre-feet (MAF) of water storage capacity, state media reported, as the country seeks to strengthen water security amid growing climate-related challenges.
https://www.arabnews.pk/pakistan/pakistan-accelerates-four-major-dam-projects-amid-growing-water-security-concerns-2645567
Analysis: Can Pakistan afford to delay its dams?
THE country’s persistent failure to invest adequately in water storage and hydropower infrastructure has once again come into focus, as the government is expected to earmark only Rs179 billion under the prop­o­sed Public Sector Development Pro­g­ramme (PSDP) 2026-27 for a sector considered critical to the nation’s water, food and energy security.

The proposed allocation has raised concerns over the pace of work on major ongoing hydropower projects, reservoirs and flood mitigation schemes at a time when the country is struggling with recurring floods, shrinking per capita water availability and high electricity costs.
https://asianews.network/analysis-can-pakistan-afford-to-delay-its-dams/

i wonder why exactly out of all the sharia breaking things that happen in turkey every day this set off the islamists to attack it?
https://x.com/cumhuriyetgzt1/status/2106829199256478070

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>>2926323
The worldwide anti-weeb action is coming and there is nothing you can do to stop it, should've known the based Muslims would be the ones to kick it off.

>>2926325
Don't ban me for this shitpost. I know that anime is the greatest shibboleth on this website.



 

>Bye, bye, Microsoft! – edition
https://www.zdnet.com/article/china-drops-windows-for-linux/

The Chinese question is: how does a comfy non-imperialist nation transform itself into a global socialist model that can be reproduced and adopted by the rest of the world, without either reproducing the aggressive and counter-productive policies of the USSR or appearing toothless, while resolving the contradictions of the so-called first world FOR THEM and liberating them from capitalist domination, therefore using the empire's collapse to accelerate material conditions to enable the global revolution?

<A thread for the harmonious discussion related to the saviour of socialism, the uplifter of nations, the king of cooperation, the soviet of SOVL, the enjoyer of empathy, the ally of Africa, the demigod of development, the bureaucracy for banter, the prince of ping pong, the lobotomizer of labour aristocracy, the protector against proxy wars, the sponsor of sophisticated sciences and culture, the guarantor of gommunism, the Proletarian Dictatorship of Chynah™.


Original threads:
https://archive.ph/S2XYA
https://archive.ph/Ytckv

leftypol.org archives:
https://archive.is/https://leftypol.org/leftypol/res/30501.html

bunekrchan.xyz archives:
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.
237 posts and 41 image replies omitted.

>>2922194
You could argue that present-day China is some kind of “state-capitalist” regime (although I don't personally agree, there are certainly signs of it), but claiming that China still has some sort of “feudal” character is stupid. The vast majority of harmful feudal customs were eliminated through successive reform campaigns under Mao.
Today's “bride price” is more of a new phenomenon dressed up as a feudal tradition, rooted in the skewed sex ratio and declining birth rate caused by Deng's stupid family-planning policies.

>>2926252

I wouldnt call the one child policy stupid. The more I have been here the more ive thought about the positive benefits of it, largely the fact that families would invest all their efforts and resources into a single child, who would be much more capable of studying and working as a more advanced technical worker

>>2926295

we might say the one child policy was a way to refine the "quantitiy" of chinese labor into "quality" labor

>>2926209
>>2926197
I understand what you're both talking about. You're using language to say that language can't say anything. If that's the case how come I understand what you're both saying?

>>2926215
Eventually the protons in the rock will decay, just gotta wait 10^34 years.



 

Back in Jesus's time when politics and religion were firmly merged together and people couldn't even conceptualize politics without god so I guess it must've made sense for a man to develop a political vision and think of it all as a revelation from heavens.

If you calm down and look at Jesus's message thinking of it as a political message then it can be summed up to a sort of proto utopian communism. He advocated for better treatment for slaves (which is really a lukewarm reformist stance), an abandonment of money and instead life in communities where people share their shit and help each other. He also invented the threat of hell to force people to do as he said and his rhetoric and methods had a ton of weaknesses. His insistence of pacifism only made his followers easy to hunt down and for the people in power to distort his ideas.

In the end Jesus's thought was entirely recuperated by the Romans. They took Jesus out of christianity and interpreted everything he said in a way that allowed them to do what they were already doing: kill rape and pillage everyone, which eventually merged (and turned) into christianity itself. Most of christian history of destruction is just an influence of the roman co-opted version Jesus's political movement with very little of Jesus himself, which means Jesus is a catastrophically failed political leader whose life should be interpreted as a failed revolutionary movement, and as all revolutionary movements it should be studied to avoid the same mistakes. For example, he proved that martyrism and pacifism do not work at all, that speaking in vague riddles will just make it easier for your enemies to just distort everything you said in a way that is convenient to themselves, and that communism must be materialist.
6 posts and 3 image replies omitted.

>>2925485
>pic
ah fuck this rocks, thank you

>>2925484
>He also invented the threat of hell to force people to do as he said
This is a later addition to this religion. Jews at that time didnt believe in afterlife.

>>2925632
Epikurius was not an atheist, he believed in the gods, although thought of them as non-interventionist.

Modern atheism did not exist in pre-modern times, it would have been seen as a mental illness.

>>2926116
>believed in the gods, although thought of them as non-interventionist.
What is the difference between them being fake or real if they have no impact in the real world

there are two diametrically-opposed conceptions of god that people have had since day one and continue to have to this day: god as the world, and god as a man. people either use "god" as a metaphor for the vast untenable universe and all of its systems and complexities and calamities that are beyond human control, or "god" as a metaphor for individual human greatness - the master, the ruler, the conqueror, the proprietor, etc. the fundamental schism between all human philosophy is between epistemic humility and anthropocentric hubris and these two opposing views are irreconcileable by definition and the war never ends.

personally i chalk it up to basic human psychology, specifically intellectual/emotional maturity. a child is egocentric and thinks that the world revolves around them and everything in the world must start and stop at their convenience, a child is always talking without thinking and always in a hurry and cannot wait for anything and feels the need to act on every impulse immediately and always wants to take shortcuts and avoid difficulty and tediousness and complain loudly about every hardship they face. a mature adult is humble and understands and accepts their relative insignificance and that it's not all about them and it's not their place to be in control, a mature adult is silent and patient and restrained and disciplined and bears their burdens and hardships without complaint.



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If you had to choose 3 essential books to show to baby communists that haven't read shit other than maybe instragram posts or watched breatubers, what books would you pick? for me it'd be

>rius's marxism: a graphic guide

>politzer's elementary principles of philosophy
>carlo cafiero's summarized version of capital

Why? because those are all easy, not too long and kinda get most of the really important things you need to understand before you read everything else.
10 posts and 2 image replies omitted.

>>2925496
The three basic essential starter books that I would advise are the Communist Manifesto https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Manifesto.pdf , the State and Revolution https://www.marxists.org/ebooks/lenin/state-and-revolution.pdf , and the German Ideology https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Marx_The_German_Ideology.pdf , as the Communist manifesto provides a very basic overview of Marxism that is pretty understandable for beginners, the State and Revolution provides an In-depth explanation of the Marxist conception of the State as a Dictatorship of one Class over another, along with the critique of reformist Social Democracy (ie. Karl Kautsky) and a clarification of the fact that Socialism can only be established through a armed Revolution that overthrows the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie and replaces it with a Dictatorship of the Proletariat, which is necessary to understand if you want to be a Real Communist (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist), and the German Ideology provides the strongest critique of Idealism combined with the most In-depth articulation of the Materialist Conception of History, in particular the core concepts of the Mode of Production (ie. Primitive Communal, Ancient, Feudal, Capitalist, Socialist, and Communist) and the Base-Superstructure Model (the Marxist conception of Culture, including Religion, Art, Law, Politics, Government, Gender roles, Nationalism, Philosophy, Metaphysics, etc. as an Ideological Superstructure used by the Ruling Class to reinforce the Material Base, ie. Mode of Production, while continuously being shaped by it in a mutually reinforcing dialectical relationship) that are required to grasp the Dialectical Materialism that makes Marxism the Universal/Immortal Scientific Theory of History, Politics, Society, Economics, Culture, etc., and after reading these three texts, then I would move onto Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism Post too long. Click here to view the full text.

<This other man he could never see in his entirety but he seemed an artisan and a worker in metal. The judge enshadowed him where he crouched at his trade but he was a coldforger who worked with hammer and die, perhaps under some indictment and an exile from men's fires, hammering out like his own conjectural destiny all through the night of his becoming some coinage for a dawn that would not be. It is this false moneyer with his gravers and burins who seeks favor with the judge and he is at contriving from cold slag brute in the crucible a face that will pass, an image that will render this residual specie current in the markets where men barter. Of this is the judge judge and the night does not end.


>>2925496
principles of communism, ship of fools (not even a book really), and something about imperialism, I dunno, maybe sword and the dollar.

A People's Guide to Capitalism (Hadas Thier)

Work and Wealth (GegenStandpunkt)



 

Poll: China a more positive influence than US in Latin America
The 2026 Latinobarómetro survey showed that for the first time since the annual survey began in 1995, China is seen as a more benign force than the United States. It showed 57 percent of people in Latin America considering the United States to be a positive influence, down from 60 percent in 2020. China, meanwhile, was considered a positive influence by 65 percent of respondents, a jump from the 48 percent it scored six years ago.
https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/poll-china-a-more-positive-influence-than-us-in-latin-america.phtml
https://archive.ph/m8x0f

Lula's lead over Bolsonaro narrows ahead of Brazil vote, CNT/MDA poll shows
In a first-round scenario, ​Lula would receive 43.1% of voter support, ​followed by Bolsonaro (38%), Augusto Cury (3.2%), Ronaldo Caiado (3%) ⁠and Renan Santos (1.5%), according to the poll. A September 15 ​poll had Lula at 40.5%, Bolsonaro at 30.4%, ​Cury at 6%, Caiado at 3% and Santos at 2.7%
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/lulas-lead-over-bolsonaro-narrows-ahead-brazil-vote-cntmda-poll-shows-2026-10-03/

Mexico City March Marks 58 Years Since Tlatelolco Massacre
Thousands marched in Mexico City on Friday to mark 58 years since the 1968 Tlatelolco student massacre, as President Claudia Sheinbaum called for keeping the memory alive and demanded “never again” state repression.
https://www.telesurenglish.net/mexico-city-march-marks-58-years-since-tlatelolco-massacre/

‘This can’t go on’: tens of thousands protest against housing crisis in Spain
Demonstrators on Saturday waved posters calling for a general strike ⁠after the measures drawn up to address mass anger over the eviction of an 87-year-old woman in ⁠Madrid, and other housing issues, were rejected in parPost too long. Click here to view the full text.

Voters favor Democrats on key issues but lack faith in either party to solve problems: AP-NORC poll
Voters are deeply dissatisfied with President Donald Trump and his Republican Party heading into the Nov. 3 midterm elections, according to an Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research poll, and Democrats have built a clear advantage on pressing issues such as the cost of living and healthcare over just a few months. But the survey also points to a bigger problem for both parties: Few registered voters think either party is able to solve important problems or help Americans like them.
https://apnews.com/article/democrats-republicans-trump-midterms-prices-healthcare-congress-109768f7544c9e0fcc7e716de0dc2157

US FDA closes cyclospora lettuce parasite probe, finds strong link to Taylor Farms Mexico
FDA said its investigation could not definitively determine how the contamination happened, but two samples showed cyclospora was present in the environment where lettuce was grown and processed. One sample was found in a tank that held outgoing ​wastewater at Taylor Farms de Mexico's processing facility and the other was in a drainage ditch at an iceberg lettuce grower, it said.
https://www.9news.com/article/news/investigations/colorado-cbz-management-court-of-appeals-ruling/73-be091b7d-1649-45a3-a344-0058b0eb49f7

Temecula school board members accuse colleague of placing a listening device under their desk
The allegation is the latest controversy for a school board that has drawn attention in recent years over disputes involving book bans, flag bans, arguing at meetings, and even allegations of sexual harassment among board members. According to board members Steven Schwartz and Emil Barham, surveillance video recorded near the end of a closed session meeting on Sept. 22 shows board member Melinda Anderson walking to the desk used by Schwartz and Barham, pulling out an electronic device and attaching it underneath the table.
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.

Brazil’s Communists ahead of the elections: Alliance with Lula or political independence?
With Brazil heading to the polls in October, three communist parties are approaching the elections from sharply different positions. The Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) remains fully committed to the re-election of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and the PT-led coalition, while the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB) is presenting its own presidential ticket headed by Edmilson Costa, and the Revolutionary Communist Party (PCBR) is calling for an independent revolutionary left position outside both the Bolsonarist camp and the Lula-led broad front. For the PCdoB, the immediate priority is defeating the far right and securing another Lula government. The party has officially endorsed the Lula-Alckmin ticket and is campaigning inside the Brasil da Esperança federation with the PT and PV, arguing that a new Lula term should deepen national development, reindustrialization and social policies. Its leaders present Bolsonarism as a neofascist, pro-US force and frame the election largely as a confrontation between the democratic-popular camp and the far right. That strategy, however, also exposes the central contradiction of the PCdoB’s electoral line: for years it has subordinated its communist identity to alliances led by the PT and to the management of capitalism through broad coalitions. Its 2026 campaign again ties communist activity to Lula’s re-election rather than to an independent communist presidential project. From a class standpoint, this leaves unresolved the question of whether repeated support for social-democratic and social-liberal governments can produce a genuinely independent political pole for the working class.
https://www.idcommunism.com/2026/10/brazils-communists-ahead-of-elections-alliance-with-lula-of-political-independence.html

France: an explosive situation
Since the beginning of September, social tensions have been rising day by day. As we write, tens of thousands of high school students across the country are taking to the streets to demand decent learning conditions. The government is responding with insults and police repression. On 29 September, many school students joined the powerful mobilisation Post too long. Click here to view the full text.

>>2925536
>Poll: China a more positive influence than US in Latin America
>The 2026 Latinobarómetro survey showed that for the first time since the annual survey began in 1995, China is seen as a more benign force than the United States. It showed 57 percent of people in Latin America considering the United States to be a positive influence, down from 60 percent in 2020. China, meanwhile, was considered a positive influence by 65 percent of respondents, a jump from the 48 percent it scored six years ago.
>https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/poll-china-a-more-positive-influence-than-us-in-latin-america.phtml
>https://archive.ph/m8x0f

those numbers are still cucked



File: 1791067982827-4.png (Spoiler Image,458.92 KB, 1080x965, ezgif-3372aae525d2ecfd (1).png)

 

Politicians in europe are openly claiming they wish they could have an IDF at home.
Why are Europeans becoming such chuds?
They're going on trips to watch how Israel represses Palestinians in the west and take notes.
The kind of repression Israel uses is what lead to George floyd
4 posts omitted.

File: 1791138403914-9.png (1.22 MB, 1200x800, ClipboardImage.png)

>>2925526
There are literally only two kinds of people in this world. People who hate Israel and spiritual Israelis.

>implying if Israel didn't exist there wouldn't be state repression on Europe
Naive or propaganda, call it

>>2925986
If Europe didn't exist there wouldn't be Israel.

>>2925989
String of words that don't make sense

from europe to america. from america to israel. from israel back to europe.



 

Why is it that the surviving members of the George W. Bush administration who acted as the architects of the Iraq War have never faced any legal penalties for what they did?

The 2003 US invasion of Iraq was arguably one of the worst human rights atrocities of the past 50 years. Over 1 million Iraqi CIVILIANS were killed. If that's not a low key genocide similar to Gaza I don't know what is. But it's even worse knowing this war was based entirely on a gigantic lie (a "noble lie" if you will) by some of the slimiest, most diabolical villains ever known to American politics. Yes, Dick Cheney, Colin Powell and Donald Rumsfeld are dead and rotting in hell. But George W Bush, Paul Wolfowitz and Douglas Feith are still alive. Neocons Bill Kristol, Robert Kagan and John Bolton who were the top dogs in PNAC (Project for a New American Century), which called for massive military spending and preemptive attacks (also a "New Pearl Harbor" which conveniently happened on 9/11) are also still alive. WHY HAVEN'T ANY OF THEM EVER BEEN CHARGED AS WAR CRIMINALS?????

The Straussian cabal is very real and still holds loads of ideological power within American politics. Many Neocons from the Bush II era have now since become Democrats and publicly supported Kamala Harris over Trump on the basis Trump wasn't Neocon enough. These people have names and addresses and have to face some kind of legal penalties so the world can finally have closure and the Neocon war criminals can finally reap what they sowed.
428 posts and 54 image replies omitted.

>>2920802
>expecting women to be consistent

>>2883310
Can we convince Caleb to re-upload the “WHERE DID THE NEOCONS COME FROM?” slideshow video on his archive channel?

Holy shit it's back.


Jesus Christ bro, I miss the 2000s.



 

Previous Thread: >>2722737

Links:

Previous Thread Archives
Thread 1 https://archive.ph/ROnpO
Thread 2 https://archive.ph/f29Po
Thread 3 https://archive.ph/GZj20
Thread 4 https://archive.ph/ZHfse
Thread 5 https://archive.ph/PFHJH
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Youtube Playlists
Anwar Shaikh - Historical Foundations of Political Economy
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLTMFx0t8kDzc72vtNWeTP05x6WYiDgEx7
Post too long. Click here to view the full text.
304 posts and 95 image replies omitted.

>>2854866
>Can you highlight the Hegelian logic in Capital for me, please?

Here's an excerpt from chapter 1 with a footnote:

>Since the relative form of value of a commodity – the linen, for example – expresses the value of that commodity, as being something wholly different from its substance and properties, as being, for instance, coat-like, we see that this expression itself indicates that some social relation lies at the bottom of it. With the equivalent form it is just the contrary. The very essence of this form is that the material commodity itself – the coat – just as it is, expresses value, and is endowed with the form of value by Nature itself. Of course this holds good only so long as the value relation exists, in which the coat stands in the position of equivalent to the linen.[22]


Here's the footnote:

>22. Such expressions of relations in general, called by Hegel reflex categories, form a very curious class. For instance, one man is king only because other men stand in the relation of subjects to him. They, on the contrary, imagine that they are subjects because he is king.

File: 1789954905123-3.mp4 (31.28 MB, 1318x678, NEP.mp4)

is it true that the NEP was just Bolshevik leadership finally adopting Menshevik ideas after war communism failed?


File: 1790673778107-9.jpg (511.95 KB, 2124x1411, Plato.jpg)

Here I will be investigating Plato's thoughts on economic matters, derived from his writings. Economics in its etymology refers to the management of a household, but already by Xenophon's "Economist" refers to managing the general estate of a man's property, for the ends of supplying wealth; understood as gain, rather than loss.¹ Economics can thus be seen as a science of wealth in general. So, we must begin with this category.

We see initially that Socrates expresses his humility by a lack of money, which at his trial, is one silver mina,² or 100 drachmae; a drachma being the daily wage of an Athenian labourer of this period. This is an important Platonic theme continued into Christianity, of the difference between internal and external riches. Plato writes, "the truly rich […] not those who are rich in gold but those who are rich in the wealth that the happy must have, namely, a good and rational life".³  Plato also writes, "those who have a lot of property must also need many of the things required […] so the wealthiest people would necessarily appear to us to be in the worst condition."⁴ Xenophon argued that the cause of wealth was not in things themselves, but in our relationship to them, such that money did not count as wealth if it had no purpose to its possessor.⁵ Plato has a connected but contrary argument, that all property is of use to its possessor: "everything which is property must also be useful".⁶ Plato makes property and wealth synonymous, while Xenophon distinguishes wealth as a condition of property. I feel that Xenophon avoids contradiction, for he assigns wealth to the propertyless, while Plato falls into confusion, central to the Paradox of Value, typified by Aristotle's diagnosis: "gold is a better thing than iron, though less useful: it is harder to get, and therefore more worth getting. In another way, the plentiful is a better thing than the rare, because we can make more use of it."⁷ If property is wealth, and wealth is utility, then iron counts "more" as property than gold. I sympathise with Eryxias here; "becoming seriously confused by the argument".⁸ This is then Plato's general view of wealth.

We see that Plato has a distaste for wealth, which as he continues, is the cause of war: "all wars are due to the desire to acquire wealth",⁹ and this ambition for wealth, he adds, "makes us too busy to practice philosophy."¹⁰ So then, wealth is his nemesis, which is why he critiques the freedom of propPost too long. Click here to view the full text.

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Plato sees that all wealth pursues the ends of health in the body, and therefore, the one who seeks possession of the most property is most sick.¹ This is reminiscent of Democritus' thoughts, that poverty only measures one's desire for greater ends; not one's lack of means,² which like Plato's [Eros], is born from poverty.³ As it is written thus, "Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth […] store up for yourselves treasures in heaven […] where your treasure is, there your heart will be also."⁴ Here, austerity is wise for the sake that it makes a man fuller to be without need, but in this is also a reversal, since where the body is fulfilled in its purpose, the mind now has independence, in pursuit of its own luxury. This is described by Aristotle; "as more arts were invented, and some were directed to the necessities of life, others to its recreation, the inventors of the latter were always regarded as wiser than the inventors of the former, because their branches of knowledge did not aim at utility. Hence when all such inventions were already established, the sciences which do not aim at giving pleasure or at the necessities of life were discovered, and first in the places where men first began to have leisure. This is why the mathematical arts were founded in Egypt; for there the priestly caste was allowed to be at leisure."⁵ Here, leisure follows necessity, as the useless follows the useful. Thus, luxury is conceived of likewise.

We see a double-character in this assessment. It is the capacity for leisure which brings about a capacity for knowledge, yet knowledge is evidently superfluous, or secondary to life, attested to by Aristotle himself. This is also repeated by Cicero, who writes, "When we are free from necessary affairs and cares, then we long to see, to hear, and to learn something…"⁶ So then, for the full development of a person, there must be an extension into leisure, which thence encourages talents (scholē). Nonetheless, leisure cannot be seen as an end in itself, for the Romans had caution against idleness caused by "otium" (leisure); a symptom of boredom brought about by unemployment (otium was opposed to "negotium"). The Greek gymnasium can thus be seen as an invention designed to combat idle leisure, since in the culture of Athens, only freemen were permitted to use it, making the artificial labour of exercise a decadent compromise. Richard Whately therefore rightly disputes Necessity as the "motPost too long. Click here to view the full text.



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